In French, every noun has a gender: masculine or feminine. This affects articles, adjectives, and pronouns. While some patterns help predict gender, many nouns must be memorized with their articles.
Why Gender Matters
Gender determines which article and adjective forms to use:
- le livre [lə livʁ] — the book (masculine)
- la table [la tabl] — the table (feminine)
- un ami français [œ̃n‿a.mi fʁɑ̃.sɛ] — a French friend (masculine)
- une amie française [yn a.mi fʁɑ̃.sɛz] — a French friend (feminine)
Common Masculine Endings
Nouns ending in these suffixes are usually masculine:
| Ending | Example | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| -age | le voyage | [lə vwa.jaʒ] | the trip |
| -ment | le moment | [lə mɔ.mɑ̃] | the moment |
| -eau | le gâteau | [lə ɡɑ.to] | the cake |
| -isme | le tourisme | [lə tu.ʁism] | tourism |
| -eur | le bonheur | [lə bɔ.nœʁ] | happiness |
| -phone | le téléphone | [lə te.le.fɔn] | the phone |
Common Feminine Endings
Nouns ending in these suffixes are usually feminine:
| Ending | Example | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| -tion / -sion | la nation | [la na.sjɔ̃] | the nation |
| -té | la liberté | [la li.bɛʁ.te] | freedom |
| -ure | la voiture | [la vwa.tyʁ] | the car |
| -ence / -ance | la France | [la fʁɑ̃s] | France |
| -ette | la fourchette | [la fuʁ.ʃɛt] | the fork |
| -ie | la vie | [la vi] | life |
People: Masculine and Feminine Forms
Many nouns for people have both forms:
| Masculine | IPA | Feminine | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| un ami | [œ̃n‿a.mi] | une amie | [yn a.mi] | a friend |
| un étudiant | [œ̃n‿e.ty.djɑ̃] | une étudiante | [yn e.ty.djɑ̃t] | a student |
| un acteur | [œ̃n‿ak.tœʁ] | une actrice | [yn ak.tʁis] | an actor/actress |
| un serveur | [œ̃ sɛʁ.vœʁ] | une serveuse | [yn sɛʁ.vøz] | a waiter/waitress |
| un boulanger | [œ̃ bu.lɑ̃.ʒe] | une boulangère | [yn bu.lɑ̃.ʒɛʁ] | a baker |
Nouns That Don’t Change
Some nouns keep the same form for both genders:
- un/une artiste [œ̃/yn aʁ.tist] — an artist
- un/une élève [œ̃/yn e.lɛv] — a pupil
- un/une journaliste [œ̃/yn ʒuʁ.na.list] — a journalist
- un/une touriste [œ̃/yn tu.ʁist] — a tourist
Exceptions to Remember
Some common nouns break the pattern rules:
- la plage [la plaʒ] — the beach (feminine despite -age)
- la page [la paʒ] — the page (feminine despite -age)
- l’eau [lo] — water (feminine despite -eau)
- la peau [la po] — skin (feminine despite -eau)
Common Mistakes
| Incorrect | Correct | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| *le problème féminine | le problème masculin | Problème is masculine |
| *un voiture | une voiture | Voiture is feminine |
| *la livre | le livre | Livre (book) is masculine |
Practice Sentences
- Le garçon mange une pomme. [lə ɡaʁ.sɔ̃ mɑ̃ʒ yn pɔm] — The boy eats an apple.
- La fille lit un livre. [la fij li œ̃ livʁ] — The girl reads a book.
- J’ai une question. [ʒe yn kɛs.tjɔ̃] — I have a question.
- C’est un problème difficile. [sɛt‿œ̃ pʁɔ.blɛm di.fi.sil] — It’s a difficult problem.
- La maison est grande. [la mɛ.zɔ̃ ɛ ɡʁɑ̃d] — The house is big.
- Le restaurant est fermé. [lə ʁɛs.to.ʁɑ̃ ɛ fɛʁ.me] — The restaurant is closed.
- Elle est actrice. [ɛl ɛt‿ak.tʁis] — She is an actress.
- Il est boulanger. [il ɛ bu.lɑ̃.ʒe] — He is a baker.
Exercise
Choose the correct article (le or la) for each noun:
- ___ maison (house)
- ___ voyage (trip)
- ___ liberté (freedom)
- ___ téléphone (phone)
- ___ voiture (car)
- ___ moment (moment)
- ___ nation (nation)
Answers
- la maison
- le voyage
- la liberté
- le téléphone
- la voiture
- le moment
- la nation